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Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies
Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is main Turkish authority charged
with agriculture and rural development in Turkey. |
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Decision-Making : Legislation and Regulations General/Crop Production
A basic Law on Agriculture, considering issues related
with to the agricultural sector as a whole, shall be adopted.
A law on the production of crops and livestock by ecological methods shall be launched; a regulation on transgenetic plants shall be drawn out.
Forestry
The Forest Law shall be rearranged by considering environmental
protection, public interest, integrity of the ecosystem and protection
of wild life.
An ergonomic unit, equipped with laboratory and extension instruments shall be established within the Ministry of Forestry, in order to improve job security, health and working conditions of the workers, to establish standards and statistics related to these issues and to carry out training and inspectoral activities.
Irrigation and Land Conservation
In parallel with population growth, urbanisation and development
in Turkey, demand for water is increasing considerably. Scarcity
and uneven distribution of water resources geographically and throughout
the year, have complicated management of the resources. Lack of legislation
on the allocation and use of particularly surface water resources,
result in the waste of natural and economic resources. For this reason,
a basic Water Law shall be enacted in order to fill all legal loopholes
like allocation, conservation and planning of sectoral and inter-sectoral
use of surface waters.
A Law on Land Use and Soil Conservation of framework nature shall be enacted with a view to eliminating all the shortcomings like allocation, conservation (against erosion, disaggregation, pollution, salinization and non-purpose use), classification, sectoral and inter-sectoral use, planning for production, and covering all loopholes. A Law on Land Consolidation shall be enacted to provide land consolidation services within a single structure throughout the country, effectively and in compliance with the equality principle, and also in coordination with irrigation investments, especially in the Southeastern Anatolia Project region. Its integrity with the Law on Land Use and Soil Conservation will be provided. Amendments shall be made on the Laws of Establishment of DSI and GDRS, in order to provide the users participate at every stage, to create resources for investments, and to update repayments systems and to eliminate difficulties arising in the determination and collection of expenditures of operation-maintenance-repair in irrigation investments. With a view to developing and sustaining participatory irrigation management, a Law on Water User Associations shall be enacted. In this context, the law contradictory with the participatory approach shall be abolished. With a view to providing the carrying out of agricultural infrastructure activities more effectively, a new General Directorate shall be constituted so as to realise irrigation, soil conservation, land consolidation, on-farm development and drainage services currently carried out within the body of GDRS. Draft Law on Local Administrations shall be harmonised with this institutional arrangement. |
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Decision-Making : Strategies, Policies and Plans General
Turkish Government has given a letter of intent to IMF
on 9th Dec. 1999 targeting of the stand-by arrangements to support
its disinflation program for a three year period, from 2000 to 2002.
As a continuation of the program initiated in late 1999 with the support
of a stand-by arrangement with the International Monetary Fund, Turkish
government aims agricultural policies under the structural reform chapter
as follows:
With European Union Council Decision of 8 March 2001 on
the Accession Partnership with the Republic of Turkey, the policies
on agiculture and fisheries are to;
Within the framework of the provisions laid down in the
Agricultural Agreement of GATT Uruguay Round, Turkey has continued
to fulfil its commitments. Moreover, by considering developments in
the aftermath of the Uruguay Round, Turkey has established a new preferential
trade regime with EU.
State Planning Organization has issued Eight Five Year Development Plan (2001-2005) of Turkey, which covers several aspects of agriculture sector, including objectives, policies and legal&institutional matters. All policy, program and arrangements can be found on the internet at: http://www.treasury.gov.tr, http://www.abgs.gov.tr and http://www.dpt.gov.tr. Crop Production
To diminish negative impacts of agricultural production
on the environment shall be one of the main objectives. In addition
to measures to be taken within this scope, the utilisation of fertilisers,
pesticides and irrigation inputs in accordance with natural resources
and environment friendly remedies shall be taken into consideration.
Besides, within input supports, the support on fertiliser and pesticides
shall be decreased and gradually abolished and the production of ecological
products encouraged.
Alternative pest control methods shall be given priority, especially in the field of integrated pest management and biological control. In this framework, international commitments, a modern plant protection approach, food safety, ecological balance and the environmental dimension shall be taken into consideration. Forestry
Within ecosystem approach and in line with the principles
of sustainability, multi-purpose utilisation, participation, specialisation,
biological diversity, protection of water and wild life and development
of social stability, forests shall be exploited, protected and improved
taking into consideration the realities of forest site conditions,
interdependence among sectors, production and carrying capacity, forest
health, landscape, eco-tourism, productivity, pollution, fire-insects-landslide-snow-avalanche-flood-frost
and drought and ergonomic factors.
In order to ensure safety of areas, effectiveness in protection, observance of public interest and efficiency of investments within the forest regime, cadastral demarcation works shall be intensified by taking into consideration protection of the integrity of forest areas, giving priority to the regeneration and afforestation areas.
Nature Protected Areas, National Parks and similar Protected
Areas shall be improved and expanded with a view to protecting biological
diversity, water and wild life, cultural and aesthetic values, enabling
studies on undiscovered benefits of the forests, preventing soil erosion,
landslide and avalanche, and improving eco tourism. Within these activities,
it will be the main principle that ecosystems shall have adequate size
for protecting the ecosystem values.
Forest, range and water management plans shall be rearranged in line with sustainable forest management principles by taking into account the social requirements, various functions of the ecosystem, site inventory including wood and non-wood products and services, management purposes, protected areas, endangered wild life and flora. Regeneration activities shall be carried out regularly in accordance with silviculture plans by taking into consideration natural tree species.
Protection of the soil, fauna and flora and the quality
of water shall be the main principle in all the activities such as
buildings, facilities, roads, mining, installation of electricity mains
and similar construction works and wood production to be carried out
by various organizations. Moreover, necessary rearrangements shall be
carried out, by improving standards.
In order to protect the environment in forest regions and to prevent unfeasible investments and sink-cost, importance shall be attached to road constructions at technical standards, whereby the improvement of current roads shall have priority. Within the Eighth Plan period new roads of 5 thousand km-length will be constructed. Besides, in order to decrease loss of wood, gravel roads of 10 thousand km. will be constructed especially at the beech forests of the Western Black Sea Region to enable provision of wood in winter. It is expected that within the Plan period afforestation works covering an area of 300 thousand hectares, as well as 175 thousand hectares of soil protection and 30 thousand hectares of range improvement works will be carried out in a manner not to create biological desert environment and in order to prevent such natural disasters as deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, flood, landslide and avalanche, to contribute to improvement of the global carbon balance, to meet wood requirement and to improve the socio-economic condition of the villagers. As regards these works, special importance shall be given to fast growing tree species and forest maintenance works shall not be neglected and delayed.
The establishment of city forests in the shape of green
belts and parks and memorial forests shall be encouraged and expanded
because of social, cultural and environmental reasons and in order
to diminish social pressure on natural forests.
Social and agricultural forestry activities, consisting of raising oaks, acacia and pines and other species providing multi faceted benefits and the production of medical, aromatic and decoration plants shall be improved with the aim of improving the prosperity of the forest villagers. The intentions of legal and real persons to establish private forests shall be encouraged. As regards prevention of and combat against forest fires, alongside with taking silvicultural measures, establishing fire safety roads and fire breaks and implementing such measures as controlled burning, activities on the employment of a fire teams equipped with modern tools, the increase of using helicopters and aeroplanes and especially water springler truck, improvement of early warning and transport systems, education and enlightenment of the population shall be made more efficient. Regarding the combat against harmful insects and diseases, emphasis shall be given on biological methods. In order to ensure that forestry activities be carried out in a sound, safe environment and conditions, necessary ergonomic arrangements related with the man-work-environment system from preventive clothes to mechanisation and working environment, shall be realised. Furthermore, standards shall be improved, statistics collected, training activities pursued and on the job inspection carried out.
Forestry research units and studies shall be organised,
within the framework of global integration, including land utilisation,
biological diversity, environmental functions, social forestry, pollution,
green house effects, acid rains, endangered aquatic and wild life,
production and carrying capacity of the area, and producing the value
added and other economic data. In this connection, cooperation among
the researchers, implementing units, non-governmental organisations
and forest villagers shall be sought.
Irrigation and Land ConservationThe activities of the NGOs, vocational chambers and scientists making efforts for the establishment of the necessary social will towards creating a green and healthy environment and preventing forest fires, shall be supported. Regarding all forestry activities, especially preparing management plans, combating forest fires, pests, insects and diseases and cadastral works, importance shall be given on the utilisation of remote control methods from the aspect of health and efficiency. In line with the studies on harmonisation with the EC, it is considered necessary that legislation, strategy, organisation, activity programs and product standards be reviewed and measures preventing the vanishing of herbal resources, medical plants and natural fungus for domestic consumption and foreign trade be taken. Moreover, it is necessary to establish principles and criterion for the implementation of the Green Certificate or Green Label practise in the country, testifying the production of forest products with the understanding of environmental and social responsibility.
In line with agricultural policies, development of
agricultural infrastructure towards provision of a balanced and sustainable
agricultural development in harmony with the environment is the main
objective.
During the Eight Plan period, it is envisaged that new irrigation schemes shall be established on a total of 475 thousand hectares, and attaching importance to get maximum benefit from irrigation, on-farm development activities shall be accelerated and extended to 310 thousand hectares. The establishment of necessary technical and institutional structure and use of new technologies, studies shall be started for determining land potential on the basis of basic soil surveys and subsequently land use plans shall be developed. Division of agricultural lands, especially use of irrigated agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes and agriculture on lands unsuitable for intensive agriculture shall be prevented and land consolidation services shall be accelerated. In realisation and management of agricultural infrastructure investments, resources shall be created for new investments and effective utilisation of existing infrastructure shall be assured by ensuring conceptual, physical and financial participation of the users. Thus, the burden on public sector shall be reduced in this field. Transfer of irrigation schemes built by the government to the organisations established by the users shall be expanded. Instutitionalization of these organizations and sustainability of participatory irrigation management shall be ensured. Within the Southeastern Anatolia Project, ongoing irrigation projects shall be speeded up through international loans in harmony with general public investment balances. This way, their contribution to the agricultural production in the short term shall be provided. Coordination shall be actualized among the institutions carrying out land consolidation and on farm development services necessary for irrigation investments, especially those investments which will be realised through loans, and necessary flow of funds shall be ensured. Fishery In order to increase production, the natural environment of our seas and inland waters shall be protected, controlled and improved. Within this framework, studies carried out under the coordination of our country in order to preserve and improve fishery at the Blacksea, which is the main production area, shall be concluded. Necessary infrastructure shall be completed in order to proceed to open sea fishery, besides negotiations shall be made to conclude international agreements in this field. Importance shall be attached on improving and spreading cultivation activities, by taking into account interrelations among environment, tourism, forestry, transport and other related sectors. In order to provide rational utilisation of inland waters, ecological and limnological features shall be determined. Furthermore, aquaculture activities shall be oriented towards cultivating species, that are appropriate to that environment and have high economic value. Especially, the aquaculture potential of the GAP Region shall be taken into consideration. Research activities, aiming at determining the stock sizes and annual catchable amounts of fish shall be carried out in a continuous and applicable manner, in order to prevent decreasing trend in the production obtained from our seas and to increase production by protecting the resources. |
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Decision-Making : Major Groups involvement
In Eight Five Year Development Plan of Turkey It is emphasized
and will be expected that "considering all kinds of subjects, related
with agriculture at all stages and levels, a participatory project
planning and management shall be considered. In the field of
use of natural resources, planning and administration of basin based
participatory projects shall be favoured. The sustainable use of natural
resources and the establishment of a system that should protect and
preserve gene sources shall be ensured." In this case, measures will
be taken Union of Turkish Agricultural Chambers, NGO's, Producers' Unions
and Associations and government bodies to act accordingly and in coordinated
manner.
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Programmes and Projects
The Agriculture Reform and Implementation Project (ARIP) supported
by a loan from the World Bank has some components for main structural
transformation of agriculture sector in general.The objective of the
Project is to support the implementation of the Turkey's agricultural
reform program, and specifically to reduce artificial incentives and governmental
subsidies, with an appropriate social and economic safety net support,
and implement a new agricultural support system that will increase productivity
in the agricultural sector. The Project consists of the following parts:
Direct Income Support, Farmer Transition Support, Agricultural Sales Cooperatives
and Agricultural Sales Cooperatives Unions Restructuring and Project Support,
Management and Implementation. It is expected that the Project will affect
political, social, economic aspects of agriculture sector, including natural
resource use.
The Project on the Reduction of Fallow, the project on Double
Cropping Research and Extension, and the program on controlling of
plant diseases and parasites will be conducted by government in future.
The public projects on forestry, fishery, land consolidation, land
conservation and irrigation projects on sustainable basis will also
get fund support from government budget in coming years.
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Status
General
In spite of the fact that the share of the agricultural sector GDP has been 15 percent in 1999, the share of agricultural employment within total civil employment amounts to 45,1 percent. While the importance of agriculture within the national income decreases, a great part of the population is still earning its living from agriculture. According to the General Agricultural Census of the year 1991, 4,1 million agricultural holdings are existing in our country. Around 3,6 percent of these holdings deal with livestock and 96,4 percent with crop production along with livestock. Approximately 35 percent of the mentioned agricultural holdings own 0-2 hectares of land, 32 percent 2-5 hectares of land, 28 percent 5-20 hectares of land and 5 percent own 20 hectares and more land. However, the arable land of the farms with 0-2 hectares of land is about 6 percent, that of 2-5 hectares 16 percent, that of 5-20 hectares around 41 percent and that of 20 hectares and more have been determined as 37 percent. The average size of the holdings is around about 5,9 hectares. According to the same census 71,9 percent of agricultural holdings dealing with cattle-breeding are owning less than five animals, 31,6 percent of sheep-goat breeding holdings on the other hand, are owning less than 20 animals. In comparison with other sectors, the income of those employed in the agricultural sector remained extremely low. Furthermore, there are also discrepancies in income distribution among groups within the same sector. Current support policies has not been restored stability in the income of the producers. Furthermore, support intervention prices higher than world market prices have led to excessive extension of the arable land with regard to certain crops and hence surplus production, in turn leading to excessive purchases by the government which then faced a high cost of stocks. Crop Production The Project on the Reduction of Fallow land covers the arable land for pulse and fodder crops amounted to 114.321 hectares in the year 1995, in the year 1999 whereas, this amount totalled to 237.589 hectares. The implementation area for the project on Double Cropping Research and Extension, on the other hand, amounted to 13.665 hectares in the year 1995, but rose to 34.994 hectares in the year 1999, due to enlargement of the cultivation areas for especially corn, sesame, sunflower, husked rice and soybean. The program on controlling of plant diseases and parasites, conducted by the public sector, has been especially pursued against wheat cereal bug, sunn pest and olive fruit fly. The principles of practice on Integrated Pest Management were prepared for sixteen fruit, vegetables and greenhouse vegetables and field crops by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 1998. In 2000, IPM covers area of 3418 hectare and 55230 trees based on 34 crops, vegetables and field crops. For 18 others for which principles of practices are not prepared, studies have been conducted by farmers, practitioners, researchers and extension specialists after proper training seminars. Implementation of IPM has resulted in 50% reduction of pesticide use in project area. IPM practice area will be increased accordingly in near future. Parasites and predators totalled 2.258.700 were used on 1.475.000 citrus for harmful insects in 2000. In addition, biological control against wheat cereal bug and sunn pest has been pursued along the country.
Forestry
The forests contributing greatly to the socio-economic development of the country, 77 percent of whose cadastral and demarcation works is expected to be completed by the end of 2000, have been destroyed and eroded as regards structure, growing stock and genetics within the process of historical development. Of the 20.7 million hectares of forests nearly half of which is productive, 1,8 percent is allocated for protecting biological diversity within a total of 17,5 percent ecosystem set aside as Protected Areas. In order to develop and utilise the resource more efficiently, works for afforestation of 1739 thousand hectares 120 thousand hectares of which is green belt, soil protection of 388 thousand hectares, energy forest establishments of 546 thousand hectares and range improvement of 92 thousand hectares have been materialised in the plan period as of the end of 1999. Despite these developments, fires have destroyed a total of 451 thousand hectares of forest land, and 444 thousand hectares of wood land were excluded from the forest regime pursuant to various laws during the same period. Incomplete cadastral works, deficiency in specialised technical staff and workers, lack of comprehensive site inventory, uncertainties in management targets, failure to pay proper attention to ergonomic activities, lagging behind the plans in regeneration works, deficiency in protected areas and insufficient annual afforestation due to inadequate financing constitute the fundamental problems in the sector.
Irrigation and Land Conservation
Within the scope of formation of rural infrastructure, efforts
concerning the expansion of agricultural infrastructure towards development
of land and water resources, and management and effective use of resources
themselves, maintain importance.
In this context, by the end of 2000, it is expected that cumulative area of public irrigation schemes shall reach 3,7 million hectares, and with the farmer-developed schemes on top, 4,7 million hectares of the 8,5 million hectares of land that can economically be irrigated shall be covered with irrigation schemes. Due to the level attained in irrigation investments, studies towards ensuring participation of the users of irrigation facilities(,) in the services provided by the public, gained importance in the second half of the Sixth Plan period, and continued in the Seventh Plan period as well. Within this scope, transfer of the operation and maintenance services of the irrigation facilities built by the State Hydraulic Works, to the organisations formed by users have been speeded up in the Seventh Plan period and by the end of 1999, transfer on 1.530 hectares of land has been realised. During this period, it proved necessary for related units of the General Directorate to provide support for the organisations which took over the operation and maintenance responsibility of the facilities, in providing services as necessary, as well as helping them as regards machinery-equipment and training. Additionally, efforts on monitoring and evaluation of irrigation in transferred schemes requires emphasis. A Project developed to meet the requirements in this field has been put into practice by the financial support of the World Bank. Within the scope of the said project, contracts concerning participation in the project and benefiting from the loans have been made with 234 water user organisations that make up 84 percent of the total organisations in transferred State Hydraulic Works schemes, of which 155 have benefited from the project (as of the end of 1999).
Priority has been given to investments on land consolidation
and on-farm development services within the scope of activities regarding
the provision of yield increase, and by the end of 1999, services were
provided in a total of 944 thousand hectares of land, 277 thousand hectares
of which were also consolidated. However, need for country-wide provision
of consolidation services in an accelerated manner, under a comprehensive
program, in coordination with other agricultural infrastructure investments,
in an effective and harmonised way, is still prevaling. It is important
to ensure sufficient allocation of funds to, and coordination of consolidation
and on-farm development services, necessary for irrigation investments
made and to be made, especially in the Southeastern Anatolia Project.
As of the end of 1999, 196 dams and hydropower plants have been built for irrigation, energy, municipal water supply and flood control purposes. Of these 146 are multi-purpose dams for irrigation and 16 were completed in the first four years of the Seventh Plan. As of the end of 1999, 212 thousand hectares of 1.8 million hectares of land within the scope of Southeastern Anatolia Project irrigation schemes, have been availed irrigation. A total of 754 thousand hectares, 153 thousand hectares of which were put in bids, have been included in the Investment Program whereas 819 thousand hectares have not been contained in the program yet. Lack of sufficient legislation concerning allocation, use and management of limited land and water resources leads to waste of natural and economic resources. Considering the size of the project package laid down in the Investment Program and the awaiting project stocks, it is observed that fulfilment of the agricultural infrastructure requirement with existing investment possibilities, throughout the country at the desired level and timeliness, is unrealisable. This situation makes the projects, invested in within the framework of budget possibilities, uneconomic, and negatively affects Plan targets as well as preventing attainment of expected benefits of the projects on time. Preliminary surveys have been carried out as regards determination of soil potential. However, it is needed that these preliminary surveys be detailed and form the basis for demanded land use plans. Due to the lack of land use plans, increasing non-agricultural use of agricultural lands and division of existing lands through inheritance and sales, agricultural lands and production decrease. Moreover, land consolidation services, on which further legal arrangements are needed, can not be realised at desired levels.
In agricultural infrastructure services, deficiencies of the
method followed in the repayment of investments realised by DSI and absence
of repayment practice of the General Directorate of Rural Services investments,
prevent rational use of resources.
Fishery Despite the great potential of fisheries in Turkey, its economical contribution remains rather low. The fisheries production amounted to 649.2 thousand tons in the year 1995, 549,6 thousand tons in 1996, 500,3 tons in 1997 and 543,9 thousand tons in the year 1998. Shore fishery in our seas has been diminished considerably due to pollution, ecological changes and irrational utilisation of resources. Furthermore, because the required infrastructure could not be accomplished, open sea fishery could not be launched. Production by aquaculture has increased and reached a share of 10 percent within the total fisheries production. The fact that studies, required for defining the amount of stocks, the factors affecting them and determining the annual catching amount and R&D activities have not been pursued within coordination and oriented towards implementation, are constituting a handicap for sustainable production. Studies on completing the necessary sectoral infrastructure with a view to utilise the water resources of the GAP (Southeastern Anatolia Project) Region, which constitute approximately 17 percent of the inland waters of country, are further carried on. Within the VII. Plan period, 18 fishermen shelters, which constitute one of the most important infrastructures, affecting the aquaculture sector production have been completed. Thus, 145 fishermen shelters, 44 shelters and 59 hards, in total 248 coast facilities will be available for the use of the fishermen by the end of the Plan period. |
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Challenges
It will not be possible to implement the Common Agricultural
Policy in Turkey without establishing an adequate infrastructure that
is in conformity with the system of the Community. Therefore, the adoption
process can only be realized gradually. In the first place, certain studies
on the infrastructure have to be completed prior to the completion of
the adoption process. Studies on infrastructural development cover a wide
range, from the administrative structure of the national agricultural
sector to the policies on production, consumption, prices and markets,
and from productivity and competition to rural, regional and environmental
development policies.
Structural reforms and projects would be expected to change agriculture sector and rural society in a dramatic manner, hence the concept of sustainability in near future. |
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Capacity-building, Education, Training and Awareness-raising
Domestically and internationally funded projects conducted
under several public agencies and organizations do not fully reflect
of the society's needs regarding education and training. For this
reason, in the Eight Five Year Development Plan of Turkey, it is emphasized
that "agricultural extension, farmers' training and restructuring of
agricultural education institutions according to new developments shall
be provided. The current education and extension system shall be re-evaluated
the role of the public sector in the field of extension reviewed. Special
attention shall be given to private extension activities. The fundamental
approach shall be to provide certified training to young farmers and training
on demand to senior farmers."
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Information
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Research and Technologies
Scientific and Technical Reseach Council (
TUBITAK
) is the sole organization put in charge of promoting,
developing, organizing and coordinating research and development
in the fields of exact sciences in Turkey in line with the national
targets of economic development and technical progress With the colloboration
of TUBITAK, State Planning Organization (
DPT
) is responsible for allocating funds for the projects
to universities and some public agencies. DPT is also charged with
allocation of project funds to research institutes under several
ministries.
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Financing |